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For Laboratory Research Only
| Attribute | ||
|---|---|---|
Research Summary | Thymosin Alpha-1 is a powerful immune system booster. Whether you are fighting a bad virus, a chronic illness, or just getting sick too often, it flips the immune system on full blast to clear the threat. | LL-37 is your immune system's natural SWAT team. It physically punches holes in bad bacteria, viruses, and fungi to destroy them, while also helping nearby wounds heal faster. |
Studied For | Chronic hepatitis B treatmentChronic hepatitis C treatmentCancer immune adjunct therapyVaccine adjuvantSepsis / severe infectionCOVID-19 immune support researchImmunodeficiency modelsHIV / AIDS immune supportAntifungal immune supportMalignant melanoma adjuvantLung cancer immune researchT-cell / NK cell activationDendritic cell maturationToll-like receptor signalingAutoimmune modulationGut mucosal immunityChemotherapy immune protectionimmune boosterT-cell modulationviral infectionautoimmuneimmunomodulatorLyme diseasechronic fatiguecancer adjunctivevaccine efficacy | Antimicrobial / antibiofilm researchWound healingInnate immunity modulationAutoimmune disease researchBacterial biofilm disruptionMRSA researchViral infection defense modelsFungal infection researchGut microbiome modulationInflammatory bowel disease modelsCancer immunology researchLung infection / cystic fibrosis modelsSkin infection treatment researchAngiogenesis promotionWound re-epithelializationSepsis researchImmune cell recruitmentChemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytesantibacterialantiviralbiofilm disruptionimmune supportgut infectionswound healingLyme diseaseautoimmune |
Research Areas | ImmuneLongevityGut Health & GI RepairPain & Inflammation | ImmuneHealing & RecoveryGut Health & GI RepairPain & InflammationTissue Repair |
Best Stacked With | ll-37thymalinglutathionekpvbac-water | thymosin-alpha-1kpvbpc-157glutathionebac-water |
Overview | ||
Category | Immunity & Wellness | Immunity & Wellness |
Compound Class | 28-amino acid peptide; N-terminal fragment of prothymosin alpha; biological response modifier | Endogenous cationic host defense peptide (cathelicidin family); 37-residue C-terminal fragment of hCAP-18 |
Molecular Target | TLR2/TLR9 signaling; dendritic cell maturation; T-helper (Th1) polarization; NK cell cytotoxicity; NF-kB immunomodulation | Bacterial membrane disruption; TLR4 and FPRL1 receptor signaling; EGFR transactivation; immunomodulatory cytokine network |
Aliases / AKA | ThymalfasinZadaxinTalpha1Tα1Thymosin alpha 1Thymosin α1 | CathelicidinhCAP-18 fragmentCAP-18LL37hCAP18Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide |
Parent Compound | Prothymosin alpha N-terminal fragment | Human cathelicidin hCAP18 |
Molecular Weight | 3108.3 Da | 4493.3 Da |
Amino Acid Sequence | Ac-SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAEN-OH | LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES |
CAS Number | 62304-98-7 | 154947-66-7 |
Year Discovered | Not Listed | Not Listed |
Pro-Angiogenic | No | No |
GLP-1 Class | No | No |
Purity | Not Listed | Not Listed |
Identity | ||
Evidence Tier | ||
Risk Level | ||
PubMed Citations | 962 Good | 4,770 Extensive |
Clinical Trials | 4141 Active | 2424 Active |
Regulatory Status | Approved as thymalfasin in 30+ countries; not US central-approved. | Not approved; research reagent. |
Evidence & Regulatory | ||
Half-Life | ~2 hours | ~30 minutes |
Typical Frequency | Not Listed | Not Listed |
Administration Route | Injection Only | Injection Only |
Mechanism / PK | Not Listed | Not Listed |
Reported Findings | The most clinically validated peptide in this group: more than 20 human trials and approval in over 30 countries for hepatitis B and C and as a cancer immune adjunct. | In vitro it has broad antimicrobial and LPS-neutralizing activity; animal data show host-defense and wound roles. Human use is investigational. |
Side Effects Noted | Generally well tolerated; injection-site reactions are most common; serious adverse events are uncommon. | Context-dependent host-cell cytotoxicity at higher concentrations; can be pro-inflammatory and has been implicated in lupus and psoriasis pathology; hemolytic potential. |
Warnings | Not centrally US FDA or EMA approved (off-label/investigational in the US, subject to FDA compounding action). Caution in transplant immunosuppression and autoimmunity. | Double-edged immunomodulation can drive autoimmunity; activity is highly salt and serum sensitive. Not approved; research reagent. |
Pharmacology | ||
Form | lyophilized | lyophilized |
Diluent | supplied or sterile diluent | sterile water (salt-sensitive) |
Storage Temp | refrigerate 2-8C, dark; do not freeze the formulated product | frozen, dark |
Light Sensitive | Yes | Yes |
Freeze / Thaw | avoid | avoid |
Handling Notes | N-acetyl group aids stability. | Adsorbs to glass/plastic and aggregates. |
Reconstituted Shelf Life | 14 Days Refrigerated | 14 Days Refrigerated |
Handling & Storage | ||
Pep Nation Lab's comparison tool puts research-grade peptides and compounds head to head - mechanism of action, molecular target, evidence tier, molecular weight, sequence, half-life, and documented research focus - so qualified researchers can evaluate the differences that matter. Every data point is drawn from a referenced monograph. For in vitro laboratory research use only.
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Browse the full research catalog or the A To Z index to compare any compound.
Any research-grade compound in the library can be placed side by side - up to four at a time. The tool compares mechanism of action, molecular target, evidence tier, molecular weight, amino acid sequence, reported half-life, and what each compound has been studied for, all drawn from referenced monographs.
The evidence tier reflects how extensively a compound has been studied in the referenced literature, from early preclinical signals through to compounds with human clinical data. It is a research-quality signal only, never a safety or efficacy endorsement.
Each comparison page is generated from the same referenced compound database - a genuine side-by-side of mechanism, identity, pharmacokinetics, and evidence, plus data-derived key differences. They are curated, not auto-generated thin pages.
No. Every comparison is for in vitro laboratory research use only. Nothing here is medical advice, a treatment recommendation, or dosing guidance, and no product is for human or animal consumption.
