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| Attribute | ||
|---|---|---|
Research Summary | SS-31 acts like a mechanic that specifically repairs the engine inside your cells (the mitochondria). By fixing the engines, it brings dead, tired cells back to life, reversing aging at the deepest possible level. | MOTS-c is known as the "exercise in a bottle" peptide. It targets your muscles and tells them to process sugar and burn fat as if you were running a marathon, boosting massive stamina and energy. |
Studied For | Primary mitochondrial diseaseBarth syndrome (cardiolipin deficiency)Heart failure / ischemia-reperfusion injuryDry AMD (age-related macular degeneration)Mitochondrial agingCardiac energeticsSkeletal muscle mitochondriaKidney ischemia-reperfusion modelsROS reduction at mitochondriaCardiolipin stabilizationRespiratory chain Complex I-V efficiencyATP production enhancementFrailty / aging mitochondriaChronic kidney disease modelsNeurodegenerative disease mitochondriaExercise intolerance researchenergy productionanti-agingmitochondrial repairheart failurecognitive declineischemia reperfusionkidney protection | Metabolic homeostasisInsulin resistance / obesityExercise-mimetic researchAMPK activationGlucose metabolismSkeletal muscle uptakeLongevity and agingInflammation regulationMitochondrial stress responseObesity researchType 2 diabetes modelsMenopause-related metabolic changesNAD metabolismFolate-methionine cycleMitochondrial communicationPhysical endurance researchMetabolic flexibilitymetabolic regulationenergy boostAMPK activatorweight lossinsulin sensitivityexercise endurancemitochondrial function |
Research Areas | LongevityMitochondrial FunctionImmune | MetabolicMitochondrial FunctionPerformance & MuscleWeight Management & Fat LossLongevity |
Best Stacked With | nad-plusmots-cepithalonbac-water | nad-plusss-31aicarl-carnitinebac-water |
Overview | ||
Category | Anti-Aging & Longevity | Weight Loss & Metabolism |
Compound Class | Mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2); cardiolipin-targeting | Mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within 12S rRNA of mitochondrial genome |
Molecular Target | Cardiolipin on inner mitochondrial membrane; scavenges mitochondrial ROS; stabilizes cristae architecture; restores respiratory chain efficiency | AMPK activation; folate-methionine cycle; AICAR-independent AMPK signaling; nuclear translocation for gene expression regulation |
Aliases / AKA | ElamipretideMTP-131BendaviaSS-31 peptideSzeto-Schiller 31D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2 | Mitochondrial ORF of 12S rRNA type-cMOTS cMOTS-c peptideMitochondrial peptide MOTS-cMitokine MOTS-c12S rRNA-encoded peptide |
Parent Compound | Szeto-Schiller peptide series | Mitochondrial MT-RNR1 |
Molecular Weight | 639.79 Da | 2174.6 Da |
Amino Acid Sequence | D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 | MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR |
CAS Number | 736992-21-5 | 1627580-64-6 |
Year Discovered | Not Listed | Not Listed |
Pro-Angiogenic | No | No |
GLP-1 Class | No | No |
Purity | Not Listed | Not Listed |
Identity | ||
Evidence Tier | ||
Risk Level | ||
PubMed Citations | 457 Good | 244 Good |
Clinical Trials | Not Listed | 66 Active |
Regulatory Status | FDA-approved (Sept 2025) for Barth syndrome; investigational elsewhere. | Not FDA-approved; research chemical; WADA-prohibited (2024). |
Evidence & Regulatory | ||
Half-Life | ~4 hours | ~30 minutes |
Typical Frequency | Not Listed | Not Listed |
Administration Route | Injection Only | Injection Only |
Mechanism / PK | Not Listed | Not Listed |
Reported Findings | The Barth-syndrome trial (TAZPOWER) supported a 2025 FDA accelerated approval for Barth syndrome; the primary mitochondrial myopathy program (MMPOWER-3) failed its endpoints, and several cardiac and dry-AMD endpoints were mixed or not met. Still the strongest human evidence in this group. | Mouse and in vitro studies show improved metabolic homeostasis and reduced obesity and insulin resistance. Controlled human therapeutic trials are lacking. |
Side Effects Noted | Injection-site reactions, headache, gastrointestinal symptoms; generally tolerable at studied doses. | No well-characterized human adverse-event profile; human safety is not established. |
Warnings | The 2025 approval is narrow (Barth syndrome); other uses remain investigational. Research use only outside approved labeling. | Not approved. WADA-prohibited effective 2024 (relevant for competitive athletes). Evidence is predominantly preclinical. Research use only. |
Pharmacology | ||
Form | lyophilized | lyophilized |
Diluent | sterile or bacteriostatic water | bacteriostatic or sterile water |
Storage Temp | cold, dark; avoid freeze-thaw | frozen/refrigerated, dark |
Light Sensitive | Yes | Yes |
Freeze / Thaw | avoid | avoid |
Handling Notes | Non-natural residues improve stability. | Two methionines are oxidation-prone. |
Reconstituted Shelf Life | 28 Days Refrigerated | 28 Days Refrigerated |
Handling & Storage | ||
Pep Nation Lab's comparison tool puts research-grade peptides and compounds head to head - mechanism of action, molecular target, evidence tier, molecular weight, sequence, half-life, and documented research focus - so qualified researchers can evaluate the differences that matter. Every data point is drawn from a referenced monograph. For in vitro laboratory research use only.
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Any research-grade compound in the library can be placed side by side - up to four at a time. The tool compares mechanism of action, molecular target, evidence tier, molecular weight, amino acid sequence, reported half-life, and what each compound has been studied for, all drawn from referenced monographs.
The evidence tier reflects how extensively a compound has been studied in the referenced literature, from early preclinical signals through to compounds with human clinical data. It is a research-quality signal only, never a safety or efficacy endorsement.
Each comparison page is generated from the same referenced compound database - a genuine side-by-side of mechanism, identity, pharmacokinetics, and evidence, plus data-derived key differences. They are curated, not auto-generated thin pages.
No. Every comparison is for in vitro laboratory research use only. Nothing here is medical advice, a treatment recommendation, or dosing guidance, and no product is for human or animal consumption.
