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| Attribute | ||
|---|---|---|
Research Summary | TB-500 is the ultimate construction crew for torn muscles, tendons, and ligaments. It tells repair cells to physically crawl into the damaged area and rapidly stitch the broken fibers back together. | GHK-Cu is the ultimate beauty and repair signal. It grabs copper from your body and delivers it straight to your skin and hair, telling them to produce fresh, bouncy collagen and grow thicker hair. |
Studied For | Dermal / corneal wound healingCardiac repair modelsTendon / ligament / muscle injuryHair growth stimulationCorneal healing / dry eye modelsBlood vessel formationAngiogenesisBone repairAnti-inflammatoryNerve repair modelsSports injury recoveryAthletic recoveryPost-surgical healingScar tissue reductionJoint repairMuscle tear recoveryGI healingImmune modulationStem cell migrationmuscle recoverycardiac repairwound healingequine recoverytissue regenerationanti-inflammatoryflexibilityhair growthstem cell migration | Wound healingSkin anti-agingHair loss researchAntioxidant / anti-inflammatoryCollagen synthesis stimulationElastin productionGlycosaminoglycan synthesisDermal regenerationSkin tighteningWrinkle reductionMelanocyte stimulation / hair pigmentationScalp healthAlopecia modelsNerve regenerationLung tissue repairGI tract healingBone density supportAngiogenesisAntioxidant enzyme upregulationScar reductionSkin barrier restorationPost-procedure skin recoveryUV damage repair researchAnti-inflammatory skin researchskin tighteninganti-aginghair growthwrinkle repaircollagen productionscar reductionwound healingantioxidanttissue remodeling |
Research Areas | Healing & RecoveryTissue RepairPain & InflammationJoint & Bone SupportSkin & Hair | Skin & HairHealing & RecoveryTissue RepairJoint & Bone SupportImmune |
Best Stacked With | bpc-157ghk-cusermorelinipamorelinbac-water | tb-500bpc-157ahk-cusnap-8epithalonbac-water |
Overview | ||
Category | Healing & Recovery | Skin, Hair & Cosmetics |
Compound Class | Endogenous 43-amino acid thymic peptide; G-actin sequestrant and tissue-protection factor | Naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys + Cu2+) |
Molecular Target | G-actin sequestration (Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein WH2 domain); VEGF upregulation; integrin-linked kinase (ILK); thymosin beta-4 receptor (Tβ4R) | Extracellular matrix remodeling via MMP/TIMP balance; TGF-beta modulation; antioxidant enzyme (SOD, catalase) upregulation; VEGF and FGF stimulation |
Aliases / AKA | TB500TB-500Thymosin Beta-4Tbeta4Thymosin B4 AcetateThymosin β-4 | Copper peptideGlycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copperGHK-CopperGHK CuCopper tripeptide-1Copper peptide GHK |
Parent Compound | Thymosin beta-4 | Plasma copper tripeptide |
Molecular Weight | 4963.4 Da | 340.85 Da |
Amino Acid Sequence | full Tbeta4 43 aa; TB-500 marketed fragment Ac-LKKTETQ | Gly-His-Lys + Cu(II) |
CAS Number | 77591-33-4 (Tbeta4) | 49557-75-7 (GHK-Cu complex) |
Year Discovered | Not Listed | Not Listed |
Pro-Angiogenic | Yes - Promotes New Vessel Growth | Yes - Promotes New Vessel Growth |
GLP-1 Class | No | No |
Purity | Not Listed | Not Listed |
Identity | ||
Evidence Tier | ||
Risk Level | ||
PubMed Citations | 1,108 Extensive | 127 Moderate |
Clinical Trials | 77 Active | 11 Active |
Regulatory Status | Not FDA-approved; WADA-prohibited (S2). | Cosmetic ingredient; injectable systemic use not approved. |
Evidence & Regulatory | ||
Half-Life | ~30 hours | ~5-10 minutes |
Typical Frequency | Not Listed | Not Listed |
Administration Route | Injection Only | Injection Only |
Mechanism / PK | Not Listed | Not Listed |
Reported Findings | In vitro and animal data show wound closure, angiogenesis, and reduced scarring. Human data exist only for full-length Tbeta4 in early-phase trials and do not validate the injectable fragment products. | Controlled cosmetic-dermatology studies report improved firmness and reduced fine lines from topical GHK-Cu, plus diabetic-ulcer and post-procedure healing. Systemic injectable human efficacy is not established. |
Side Effects Noted | Limited human safety data; pro-angiogenic theoretical tumor risk; immunogenicity; identity ambiguity between fragment and full-length. | Topically well tolerated; possible local irritation; copper-overload is a theoretical concern with high or systemic exposure. |
Warnings | Not approved. Prohibited by WADA since 2011 (class S2), at all times. Research use only. | Recognized as a cosmetic ingredient, not a drug. Avoid co-layering with strong acids or high-dose vitamin C, which destabilize the copper complex. |
Pharmacology | ||
Form | lyophilized | lyophilized (blue copper complex) |
Diluent | bacteriostatic or sterile water; swirl | sterile or bacteriostatic water |
Storage Temp | cold, dark; frozen long-term | cold, dry, dark |
Light Sensitive | Yes | Yes |
Freeze / Thaw | avoid | avoid |
Handling Notes | Verify identity; labeling often mismatches. | pH and redox sensitive. |
Reconstituted Shelf Life | 28 Days Refrigerated | 28 Days Refrigerated |
Handling & Storage | ||
Pep Nation Lab's comparison tool puts research-grade peptides and compounds head to head - mechanism of action, molecular target, evidence tier, molecular weight, sequence, half-life, and documented research focus - so qualified researchers can evaluate the differences that matter. Every data point is drawn from a referenced monograph. For in vitro laboratory research use only.
The two most-studied research peptides for tissue repair and recovery.
Single GLP-1 versus dual GLP-1/GIP incretin agonists in metabolic research.
Dual versus triple incretin receptor agonists in weight-research models.
A GLP-1 agonist versus a triple-agonist incretin in metabolic research.
A GHRH analog versus a selective ghrelin-receptor secretagogue.
A ghrelin-receptor secretagogue versus a GHRH analog for growth-hormone research.
Two GHRH analogs studied on the growth-hormone axis.
The two first-generation growth-hormone releasing peptides.
An amylin analog versus a GLP-1 agonist in metabolic research.
A mitochondrial-derived peptide versus an HGH fragment in metabolic research.
Melanocortin versus kisspeptin pathways in reproductive research.
A telomerase-pathway peptide versus NAD+ metabolism in longevity research.
A potent versus a highly selective ghrelin-receptor secretagogue.
Two GHRH analogs with contrasting half-life profiles.
A direct IGF-1 analog versus a growth-hormone secretagogue.
The DAC versus non-DAC forms of the CJC-1295 GHRH analog.
Two Russian-developed nootropic and anxiolytic research peptides.
Two mitochondrial-targeted peptides in cellular-energy research.
Two immune-modulating research peptides with distinct mechanisms.
Two HGH-fragment analogs studied for fat-metabolism research.
Next-generation multi-receptor incretin agonists in metabolic research.
Two leading tissue-repair peptides with distinct healing mechanisms.
A systemic repair peptide versus a copper peptide for tissue and skin research.
A GHRH analog versus a selective ghrelin-receptor secretagogue on the GH axis.
A dual incretin agonist versus an amylin analog in metabolic research.
A triple incretin agonist versus an amylin analog in weight research.
Two metabolic research compounds targeting mitochondrial and NNMT pathways.
NAD+ metabolism versus a mitochondrial-derived peptide in longevity research.
Two copper research peptides studied for skin and hair.
A long-acting versus a short-acting GHRH analog.
A selective versus a first-generation ghrelin-receptor secretagogue.
A GLP-1 agonist versus a GLP-1/amylin combination in metabolic research.
Two peptides studied for gut and mucosal repair.
Melanocortin versus oxytocin pathways in intimacy and libido research.
Two thymic immune-modulating research peptides.
An anxiolytic nootropic versus a sleep-associated research peptide.
Direct IGF-1 signaling versus myostatin inhibition in muscle research.
A mitochondrial-targeted peptide versus NAD+ in cellular-energy research.
Browse the full research catalog or the A To Z index to compare any compound.
Any research-grade compound in the library can be placed side by side - up to four at a time. The tool compares mechanism of action, molecular target, evidence tier, molecular weight, amino acid sequence, reported half-life, and what each compound has been studied for, all drawn from referenced monographs.
The evidence tier reflects how extensively a compound has been studied in the referenced literature, from early preclinical signals through to compounds with human clinical data. It is a research-quality signal only, never a safety or efficacy endorsement.
Each comparison page is generated from the same referenced compound database - a genuine side-by-side of mechanism, identity, pharmacokinetics, and evidence, plus data-derived key differences. They are curated, not auto-generated thin pages.
No. Every comparison is for in vitro laboratory research use only. Nothing here is medical advice, a treatment recommendation, or dosing guidance, and no product is for human or animal consumption.
